Indo–Europe
Europe
Austria
Austria–India relations refers to the bilateral ties between Austria and India. Indo-Austrian relations were established in May 1949 by the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and the Chancellor of Austria Leopold Figl. Historically, Indo-Austrian ties have been particularly strong and India intervened in June 1953 in Austria’s favour whilst negotiations were going on with Soviet Union about the Austrian State Treaty.
Economic ties
According to the Embassy of India in Vienna, India exported goods worth €558.72 million in 2011, which was an increase of 210% in the first decade of the twenty-first century. In 2011, India imported goods worth €817.74 million from Austria which was an increase by 320% in the decade 2002–2011.
A Large number of Indian Tourists visit Austria every year. In 2013, about 25000 Indians visited Austrian Capital Vienna, a city famous for Opera, Coffee Houses and Nightlife.
Czech Republic
Economic relations between India and Czech Republic date back to the Middle Ages. People in both countries have always been interested in learning more about the history, language and culture of the other country. During the years after India’s independence, Czechoslovakia also played a role as a vital economic partner. Today, both India and Czech Republic have established close relations when it comes to trade, investment and tourism.
Even in today’s world, the Czech Republic is very often associated in India with famous Czech companies like Skoda, Tatra, Bata and Zetor. The science and technology sectors are some of the most favourable areas of future cooperation between India and Czech Republic. Sectors such as petrochemicals, food processing and civil aviation are also reported to be areas where both countries can benefit from each other.
From 2012 onwards, bilateral trade between India and Czech Republic has amounted to about more than a billion U.S. dollars.
Denmark
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Denmark proper | 42,933 km2 (16,577 sq mi)[3] (130th) |
| • Entire kingdom | 2,220,930 km2 (857,510 sq mi) (12th) |
| Population | |
| • 2019 estimate |  5,827,463[4] (112th) |
| • Faroe Islands | 50,498[5] |
| • Greenland | 55,860[6] |
| • Density (Denmark) | 135.73/km2 (351.5/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2018 estimate |
| • Total | $299 billion[7][N 6] (52nd) |
| • Per capita | $51,643[7] (19th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2018 estimate |
| • Total | $370 billion[7][N 6] (34th) |
| • Per capita | $63,829[7] (6th) |
| Gini (2017) |  27.6[8]low |
| HDI (2018) | 0.930[9] very high · 11th |
Tranquebar, a town in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, was a Danish colony in India from 1620 to 1845. It is spelled Trankebar or Tranquebar in Danish, which comes from the native Tamil, Tarangambadi, meaning “place of the singing waves”. It was sold, along with the other Danish settlements in mainland India, most notably Serampore (now in West Bengal), to Great Britain in 1845. The Nicobar Islands were also colonised by Denmark, until sold to the British in 1868, who made them part of their colony of British India.
Denmark ranks 26th among foreign investors in India. Danish direct investment in India during 2008 and 2009 was US$ 57 million and US$ 75 million respectively.
France
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Total | 640,679 km2 (42nd) |
| • Metropolitan France (IGN) | 551,695 km2 (50th) |
| • Metropolitan France (Cadastre) | 543,940.9 km2 (50th) |
| Population | |
| • 2019 estimate | 67,022,000 (21st) |
| • Density | 104/km2 (106th) |
| • Metropolitan France | 64,834,000 (22nd) |
| • Density | 116/km2 (89th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $3.061 trillion (10th) |
| • Per capita | $47,223 (26th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total |  $2.707 trillion(7th) |
| • Per capita | $41,761 (22nd) |
| Gini (2018) | 28.5 low |
| HDI (2018) | 0.891 very high · 26th |
France and India established diplomatic relationships soon after India’s independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. France’s Indian possessions were returned to India after a treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956. On 16 August 1962, India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. Pondicherry and the other enclaves of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory of Puducherry from 1 July 1963.
France, Russia and Israel were the only countries that did not condemn India’s decision to go nuclear in 1998. In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains a large military and economic trade partner. India’s candidacy for permanent membership in the UN Security Council has found very strong support from former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. The Indian Government’s decisions to purchase French Scorpène-class submarines worth US$3 billion and 43 Airbus aircraft for Air India worth US$2.5 billion have further cemented the strategic, military and economic co-operation between India and France.
Trade & Investment
Indo-French bilateral trade has been growing though it has still not reached the €12 billion target set by both the Governments during the visit of the French President to India in January 2008. In 2011, bilateral trade had increased by 6% to €7.46 billion. In the first ten months of 2012, there has been a decrease of 3.71% in the bilateral trade overall the same period of 2011. Based on the annual data, the Indian exports of services to France have shown a growth in the last three years reaching €1.32 bn in 2011 while the imports from France fell to €0.66 bn in the same year.
Germany
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Total | 357,386 km2 (62nd) |
| Population | |
| • 2018 estimate | 83,019,200 (17th) |
| • Density | 232/km2 (58th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $4.444 trillion (5th) |
| • Per capita | $53,566 (18th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $3.863 trillion (4th) |
| • Per capita | $46,564 (17th) |
| Gini (2018) |  31.1medium |
| HDI (2018) | 0.939 very high · 4th |
During the Cold War India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the reunification of Germany, relations have further improved. India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany and supported their reunification in 1990. The India-Germany strategic relationship is limited by the insignificance of German geopolitical influence in Asian affairs. Contrary to France and UK, Germany has no strategic footprint in Asia.
Germany is India’s largest trade partner in Europe. According to German Statistisches Bundesamt Indo-German trade data for 2014 : total trade with India was €15.98billion (ranked 25) with €1.86billion trade balance in Germany’s favour. German exports to India was €8.92billion (ranked 25), German imports from India was €7.06billion (ranked 27).
Greece
In modern time, diplomatic relations between Greece and India were established in May 1950. The new Greek Embassy building in New Delhi was inaugurated on 6 February 2001.
Italy
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Total | 301,340 km2 |
| • Water (%) | 2.4 |
| Population | |
| • 2018 estimate | 60,359,546 (23rd) |
| • 2011 census | 59,433,744 |
| • Density | 201.3/km2 (63rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $2.443 trillion (12th) |
| • Per capita | $40,470 (33rd) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $1.989 trillion (8th) |
| • Per capita | $32,947 (25th) |
| Gini (2018) | 33.4 medium |
| HDI (2018) | 0.883 very high · 29th |
India maintains an embassy in Rome, and a consulate-general in Milan. Italy has an embassy in New Delhi, and consulate-generals in Mumbai and Calcutta.
Indo-Italian relations, although historically cordial, have gone into a steep downward trend to the point of becoming publicly contentious. In recent times, the state of India-Italy bilateral relations have mirrored the political fortunes of Sonia Maino-Gandhi, the Italian born leader of the Indian National Congress and who was the de facto leader of the UPA government of Manmohan Singh.
There are around 150,000 people of Indian Origins living in Italy. Around 1,000 Italian citizens reside in India, mostly working on behalf of Italian industrial groups.
Economic relations
Bilateral trade
Bilateral trade between India and Italy grew by 12 times in the 2 decades between 1991 and 2011, from EUR 708 million to EUR 8.5 billion. Bilateral trade began experiencing a decline from 2012, decreasing to €7.1 billion in 2012 and €6.95 billion in 2013.
Foreign direct investment
Italian companies invested €694 million in India in 2011, and over €1 billion in 2012. As of December 2012, Italy had an accumulated investment of €3.75 billion in India, or 9% of the total European Union FDI in India.
Indian investment in Italy grew from €584 million in 2004 to €10 billion in 2011. Italy accounted for 2.3% of India’s total investment in the European Union.
Luxembourg
Relations were established in 1947, following India’s independence. Luxembourg operates a Embassy in New Delhi whilst India operates a Consulate General in Luxembourg City. Bilateral Trade stood at US$37 Million in 2014 and trade continues to grow every year. Diplomats from both countries have visited the other several time. In 2019, Luxembourg plans to host the annual Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and open an economic mission in India.
Moldova
MoldovaIndia Both countries established diplomatic relations in March 1993.
North Macedonia
North MacedoniaIndia Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1996.
Norway
In 2012, Trond Giske met with Minister of Finance Pranab Mukherjee, to save Telenor’s investments to put forth Norway’s “strong wish” that there must not be a waiting period between the confiscation of telecom licences and the re-sale of those. The leader of Telenor attended the meeting.
Spain
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Total | 505,990 km2 (51st) |
| • Water (%) | 1.04 |
| Population | |
| • 2018 estimate | 46,733,038 (30th) |
| • Density | 92/km2 (112th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $1.941 trillion (15th) |
| • Per capita | $41,592 (30th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2018 estimate |
| • Total | $1.428 trillion (12th) |
| • Per capita | $30,733 (30th) |
| Gini (2018) | 33.2 medium · 103rd |
| HDI (2018) | 0.893 very high · 25th |
Diplomatic ties with Spain started in 1956. The first Spanish embassy was established in Delhi in 1958. India and Spain have had cordial relationship with each other especially after the establishment of democracy in Spain in 1978. Spain has been a main tourist spot for Indians over the years.
Spain is India´s 7th largest trade partner in the European Union. Bilateral trade in 2017-18 stood at US$ 5.66 billion (Dept. of Commerce), posting a growth of 4.91% over similar period a year ago. India´s exports grew 16.65% and stood at US$ 3.99 billion while imports shrank by 15.51% and stood at US$1.66 billion. India´s top exports to Spain are textiles, organic chemicals, iron & steel, seafood, automobiles and leather. India´s major imports are mechanical appliances, electrical machinery, chemicals, plastic and mineral fuels.
Spain is the 15th largest investor in India with cumulative FDI stock of US$ 2.76 billion (April 2000 – June 2018). There are nearly 200 Spanish companies in India mainly in the sectors of metallurgical industries, renewable energy, automotive, ceramics and infrastructure mainly in highways, transmission lines, tunnels and metro stations. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are the major destinations for Spanish investments in India. Indian investment in Spain stood at around US$ 900 million. There are nearly 40 Indian companies in Spain mainly in software & IT services, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and logistics. India is among the top 30 investors in Spain globally and among the top 5 from Asia.
United Kingdom
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Total | 242,495 km2 (78th) |
| • Water (%) | 1.34 |
| Population | |
| • 2019 estimate | 67,545,757 (22nd) |
| • 2011 census | 63,182,178 (22nd) |
| • Density | 270.7/km2 (50th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $3.131 trillion (9th) |
| • Per capita | $46,827 (26th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $2.744 trillion (6th) |
| • Per capita | $41,030 (20th) |
| Gini (2017) | 33.1 medium · 33rd |
| HDI (2018) | 0.920 very high · 15th |
India–United Kingdom relations, also known as Indian–British relations or Indo–British relations, refers to international relations between the Republic of India and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. India has a high commission in London and two consulates-general in Birmingham and Edinburgh.
The United Kingdom has an Indian population of over 1.4 million. Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron described Indian–British relations as the “New Special Relationship” in 2010.
Trade was established between Tudor England and Mughal India in 1600 when Elizabeth I granted the newly formed East India Company a royal charter by sending precious gifts to the Mughal court of Emperor Akbar the Great. During the time of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, India was a leading manufacturing country in the world in the early 18th century. It had a 25 percent share of the world’s GDP, by the time the British left the country its GDP was near 4%.
In 1858, the British Government took control of the territories and treaty arrangements of the former East India Company. In 1876, the area, which included modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, became “the Indian Empire” (often known historically as the “British Raj”) with British Monarch Queen Victoria proclaimed as “Empress of India” (a title held by her successors until 1947).
The Indian independence movement gained traction following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Opposition to British rule increased, both through active revolutions (as exemplified by Bhagat Singh and Subhash Chandra Bose) and through passive resistance (as exemplified by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) eventually led to Indian independence in 1947.
Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. India is the second largest investor in Britain after the US. Britain is also one of the largest investors in India.
Vatican City
Formal bilateral relations between India and the Vatican City have existed since 12 June 1948. An Apostolic Delegation existed in India from 1881. The connections between the Catholic Church and India can be traced back to the apostle St. Thomas, who, according to tradition, came to India in 52 CE in the 9th century, the patriarch of the Nestorians in Persia sent bishops to India. There is a record of an Indian bishop visiting Rome in the early part of the 12th century.
There have been three Papal visits to India. The first Pope to visit India was Pope Paul VI, who visited Mumbai in 1964 to attend the Eucharistic Congress. Pope John Paul II visited India in February 1986 and November 1999. Several Indian dignitaries have, from time to time, called on the Pope in the Vatican. These include Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1981 and Prime Minister I. K. Gujral in September 1987. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime Minister, called on the Pope in June 2000 during his official visit to Italy. Vice-President Bhairon Singh Shekhawat represented the country at the funeral of Pope John Paul II.
Russia
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Total | 17,098,246 km2 (1st) |
| • Water (%) | 13[14] (including swamps) |
| Population | |
| • 2020 estimate | 146,804,372 (9th) |
| • Density | 8.5/km2 (225th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
| • Total | $4,519 trillion (6th) |
| • Per capita | $30,819 (49th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
| • Total | $1,657 trillion (11th) |
| • Per capita | $11,305 (60th) |
| Gini (2015) | 37.7 medium · 98th |
| HDI (2018) | 0.824 very high · 49th |
Indo-Russian relations foreign policy are the bilateral relations between India and Russia. During the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union (USSR) had a strong strategic, military, economic and diplomatic relationship. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia inherited its close relationship with India which resulted in a special relationship. Russia and India both term this relationship as a “special and privileged strategic partnership”. Owing to the bonhomie shared by the countries’ respective leaders, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin, the bilateral relationship has seen further growth and development. An informal meeting between them in 2018 at Sochi helped accelerate the partnership, displaying the role of interaction and cooperation between India and Russia.
The powerful IRIGC (India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission) is the main body that conducts affairs at the governmental level between both countries. Both countries are members of many international bodies where they collaborate closely on matters of shared national interest. Important examples include the UN, BRICS, G20 and SCO.
India is the second largest market for the Russian defence industry. In 2017, approximately 68% of the Indian Military’s hardware import came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of defence equipment.
Economic relations
Bilateral trade in 2002 stood at $1.5 billion and increased by over 7 times to $11 billion in 2012 and with both governments setting a bilateral trade target of $30 billion by 2025.
India is currently the world’s largest cutting & polishing centre for diamonds. Both countries have agreed to streamline their bilateral trade in diamonds through reductions in regulations and tariffs.
Russia has agreed to build more than 20 nuclear reactors over the next 20 year.
Both the countries set the investment target of $30 billion by 2025. Since they met the target by 2018, India and Russia expect to enhance the figure to $50 billion. India also proposed to set up a special economic zone for Russian companies.
Sweden
India–Sweden relations are the bilateral ties between India and Sweden. Sweden recognised India’s independence from the United Kingdom in 1947; both nations established formal diplomatic relations in 1949.
Bilateral trade stands at over US$2 billion. After China and Japan, India is Sweden’s third largest trade partner in Asia. The main Swedish exports to India are pharmaceuticals, paper & pulp products, chemicals, engineering products and telecom equipment; India’s primary exports to Sweden are chemical products, food products and semi-manufactured and manufactured goods.
Ukraine
Diplomatic relations between India and Ukraine were established in January 1992. Indian Embassy in Kiev was opened in May 1992 and Ukraine opened its Mission in New Delhi in February 1993. The Consulate General of India in Odessa functioned from 1962 till its closure in March 1999.
ndia Ukraine trade relations have been developing at a very fast pace. There has been a threefold increase in the India Ukraine trade during 2003-2005 and it has exceeded US$1 billion. Ukraine imports from India have doubled and stand at US$3,214 million in 2006, while Ukraine exports to India have increased by 3.6 times and stands at US$7,369 million in 2006. The total turnover in India-Ukraine trade during 2005-2006 has exceeded US$3.1 billion (as of January, 2014).
Romania
Diplomatic relations between India and Romania were established on 14 December 1948 at the legacy level, and were upgraded to embassy level in 1957.
Bilateral trade between the two countries was US$727.27 million in 2011-12. India exported $269.54 million to, and imported $457.73 million, worth of goods from Romania. Bilateral trade totaled $713 million in 2013.
Poland
Indo-Polish relations refers to the bilateral relations between the Republic of Poland and the Republic of India. Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterized by understanding and cooperation on an international front.
Bilateral trade between the two countries has grown about eleven times from 1992 to 2008. Bilateral trade, which totaled US$675.73 million and US$861.78 million in 2006 and 2007 respectively, crossed US$1 billion in 2008 with US$1274.77 million.
Ireland
Indo-Irish relations are the bilateral ties between India and Ireland. As former possessions of the British Empire, the two countries had a similar fight against a common adversary and there were many ties between the respective independence movements in the two countries. Many of the provisions of the constitution of India were drawn from their Irish counterpart, the Constitution of Ireland.
Total trade between the two countries went from €363.5 million in 2005 to €447.3 million in 2007. Indian exports (having been higher in at least the accounted period) counted for €279.8 million to Indian imports of €167.5 million in 2007.
Indian exports included garments and clothing, textile yarn, and medical and pharmaceutical products. Indian imports included telecommunications and sound equipment, automatic data processing machines, and other manufactured articles.
Hungary
Indo-Hungarian relations are the bilateral ties between India and Hungary. Indian embassy is located in Budapest and that of Hungary in New Delhi.
The Hungarian exports have hitherto been confined to high technology, industrial products, automobiles, telecom and IT, but Mr. Orban’s government is keen for developing exports in agricultural and food products and services, too. Indian companies have invested $1.3 billion in Hungary, but there is scope for more. There are various areas of cooperation, including collaboration on research and development, automotive components, healthcare, machine tools, agriculture machinery, non-conventional energy and electrical equipment, electronics, information technology, pharmaceuticals higher education, entertainment, etc. Indian investment in Hungary is almost US$1 billion and Indian firms provide employment to over 7,000 people in the country.
Belgium
Belgium–India relations refers to the bilateral ties between the Republic of India and the Kingdom of Belgium. India’s Embassy in Brussels was opened in 1948. Belgium’s embassy in New Delhi was opened in 1947.
Belgium being India’s eight largest trading partner as of 2009, accounting for trade of nearly ₹ 41,552 crore. India and Belgium share the common value of “democracy, pluralism and rule of law” and Belgium has supported the G4 nations.
European Union
| Area | |
|---|---|
| • Total | 4,475,757 km2 (7th) |
| • Water (%) | 3.08 |
| Population | |
| • 2019 estimate | 513,481,691 |
| • Density | 117.2/km2 |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $22.8 trillion (2nd) |
| • Per capita | $44,539 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
| • Total | $18.8 trillion(2nd) |
| • Per capita | $36,490 |
| Gini (2018) | 30.9 medium |
| HDI (2017) | 0.899 very high |
India was one of the first countries to develop relations with the European Union. The Joint Political Statement of 1993 and the 1994 Co-operation Agreement were the foundational agreements for the bilateral partnership. In 2004, India and European Union became “Strategic Partners”. A Joint Action Plan was agreed upon in 2005 and updated in 2008. India-EU Joint Statements was published in 2009 and 2012 following the India-European Union Summits.
India and the European Commission initiated negotiations on a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) in 2007. Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without reaching a Free Trade Agreement.
According to the Government of India, trade between India and the EU was $57.25 billion between April and October 2014 and stood at $101.5 billion for the fiscal period of 2014–2015.
The European Union is India’s second largest trading bloc, accounting for around 20% of Indian trade (Gulf Cooperation Council is the largest trading bloc with almost $160 billion in total trade. India was the European Union’s 8th largest trading partner in 2010. EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 to €72.7 billion in 2013.
France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade. Annual trade in commercial services tripled from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010. Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands are the other more prominent European Union countries who trade with India.
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