HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Human Activities

Human activities which generate income are known as economic activities. Economic activities are broadly grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary activities. Higher services under tertiary activities are again classified into quaternary and quinary activities.

Primary Activities

The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources; such as farming, forestry, mining and fishing.

The primary sector tends to make up a larger portion of the economy of developing countries than it does in developed countries. For example, animal husbandry is more common in countries in Africa than it is in Japan. In developed countries the primary industry has become more technologically advanced, for instance the mechanization of farming as opposed to hand picking and planting.

Secondary Activities

The secondary Activities includes manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry. Many of these industries consume large quantities of energy and require factories and machinery to convert raw materials into goods and products. They also produce waste materials and waste heat that may cause environmental problems or cause pollution. The secondary sector supports both the primary and tertiary sector.

Tertiary Activities

The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.

Countries by tertiary output in 2016 (billions in USD)

Source: IMF and CIA World Factbook

Quaternary Activities

The quaternary sector comprises mainly intellectual activities and knowledge based activities aimed at future growth and development. Activities include scientific research, education, consulting, information management and financial planning.

Quinary Activities

Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc. Their importance in the structure of advanced economies far outweighs their numbers. The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform quinary activities.

This sector is often regarded as an extension of the quaternary sector and refers to decision making and at the highest levels of society. These decisions have a big impact on society and the general economic conditions of the country. Activities in this sector include decisions taken at government level, top management operations in large businesses and universities, as well as cultural activities and the media.

List of Collar Workers

• Black Collar Worker: It is used to refer to workers in the mining or the oil industry or sometimes also used to refer to people who are involved in black marketing activities.
• Blue Collar Worker: This term is referred to a member of the working class, who performs manual labour and earns and hourly wage.
• Gold Collar Worker: Refers to highly-skilled knowledgeable people such as doctors, lawyers, scientists and also young, low wage workers who also get parental support.
• Gray Collar Worker: Refers to those who work beyond the age of retirement. For example, health care professionals, IT professionals.
• Green Collar Worker: People employed in alternate energy sources like, World Wide Fund for nature, Greenpeace and Solar panels.
• Open Collar Worker: Refers to a worker who works from home, via Internet.
• Pink Collar Worker: refers to those workers who are employed in low-paid jobs like librarian, receptionist.
• Scarlet Collar Worker: refers to people who work in the pornography industry.
• White Collar Worker: is a salaried professional, refers to office workers and management in general sense.

.

View larger map

AGRICULTURE

Primary Human Activities 

Gathering and hunting
Pastoralism
Nomadic Herding
Commercial Livestock Rearing
Agriculture
  Subsistence Agriculture
  Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
  Nomadic herding
  Intensive subsistence farming
  Plantation Agriculture
  Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation
  Mixed Farming
  Dairy Farming
  Mediterranean Agriculture
  Market Gardening and Horticulture
  Co-operative Farming
  Collective Farming

Gathering and hunting

A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals). Hunter-gatherer societies stand in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

Hunting and gathering was humanity’s first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers who did not change have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.

In West Eurasia, agriculture lead to widespread genetic changes when older hunter-gatherer populations were largely replaced by Middle Eastern farmers during the Neolithic who in turn were overrun by Indo-Europeans during the Bronze Age.

Gathering is practised in: (i) high latitude zones which include northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile; (ii) Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of Southeast Asia

Pastoralism

Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as cattle, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeers, horses and sheep.

Nomadic Herding

Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition.
Pastoral nomadism is associated with three important regions. The core region extends from the Atlantic shores of North Africa eastwards across the Arabian peninsula into Mongolia and Central China. The second region extends over the tundra region of Eurasia. In the southern hemisphere there are small areas in South-west Africa and on the island of Madagascar.
The Nomadic Tribes and Denotified Tribes consist of about 60 million people in India, out of which about five million live in the state of Maharashtra.

Commercial Livestock Rearing

Commercial livestock ranching is essentially associated with western cultures and is practised on permanent ranches. These ranches cover large areas and are divided into a number of parcels, which are fenced to regulate the grazing. When the grass of one parcel is grazed, animals

are moved to another parcel. The number of animals in a pasture is kept according to the carrying capacity of the pasture. This is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is reared. Important animals include sheep, cattle, goats and horses.

Products such as meat, wool, hides and skin are processed and packed scientifically and exported to different world markets. New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United States of America are important countries where commercial livestock rearing is practised.

Agriculture

Agriculture is practised under multiple combinations of physical and socio-economic conditions, which gives rise to different types of agricultural systems.
Based on methods of farming, different types of crops are grown and livestock raised.
The following are the main agricultural systems.

Subsistence Agriculture

Subsistence agriculture occurs when farmers grow food crops to feed themselves and their families. In subsistence agriculture, farm output is targeted to survival and is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus trade. The typical subsistence farm has a range of crops and animals needed by the family to feed and clothe themselves during the year. Planting decisions are made principally with an eye toward what the family will need during the coming year, and secondarily toward market prices.

Types of subsistence farming

• Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
• Nomadic herding
• Intensive subsistence farming

Primitive Subsistence Agriculture

Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is widely practised by many tribes in the tropics, especially in Africa, south and central America and south east Asia.

Slash-and-burn – technique may describe the method for opening new land, commonly the farmers in question have in existence at the same time smaller fields, sometimes merely gardens, near the homestead there they practice intensive ‘non-shifting” techniques until shortage of fields where they can employ “slash and burn” to clear land and (by the burning) provide fertilizer (ash).

In some areas of tropical Africa, at least, such smaller fields may be ones in which crops are grown on raised beds. Thus farmers practicing ‘slash and burn’ agriculture are often much more sophisticated agriculturalists than the term “slash and burn” subsistence farmers suggests.

Shifting agriculture – In this type of agriculture, a patch of forest land is cleared by a combination of felling and burning, and crops are grown. After 2-3 years the fertility of the soil begins to decline, the land is abandoned and the farmer moves to clear a fresh piece of land elsewhere in the forest as the process continues. While the land is left fallow the forest regrows in the cleared area and soil fertility and biomass is restored. After a decade or more, the farmer may return to the first piece of land. This form of agriculture is sustainable at low population densities, but higher population loads require more frequent clearing which prevents soil fertility from recovering, opens up more of the forest canopy, and encourages scrub at the expense of large trees, eventually resulting in deforestation and land erosion.[6] Shifting cultivation is called Dredd in India, Ladang in Indonesia, Milpa in Central America and Mexico and Jhumming in North East India.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

• In intensive subsistence agriculture, the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labor. Climate, with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils permits growing of more than one crop annually on the same plot.
• Farmers use their small land holdings to produce enough, for their local consumption, while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods.
• It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns. In the most intensive situation, farmers may even create terraces along steep hillsides to cultivate rice paddies.
• Such fields are found in densely populated parts of Asia, such as in The Philippines.
• They may also intensify by using manure, artificial irrigation and animal waste as fertilizer.
• Intensive subsistence farming is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southwest, and southeast Asia.

Plantation Agriculture

• A plantation is the large-scale estate meant for farming that specializes in cash crops. The crops that are grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, rubber trees, and fruits. Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations were located.
• Plantation agriculture as mentioned above was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics. Some of the important plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, bananas and pineapples.

Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation

Commercial grain farming is an extensive and mechanised form of agriculture. This is a development in the continental lands of the mid-latitudes, which were once roamed by nomadic herdsmen.

The continental position, well away from maritime influence, and the low precipitation (between 305 and 660 mm/12 and 26 inches) make crop cultivation a calculated risk. It was the invention of farm machinery which enabled farmers to cultivate grain on a large scale, and there is a marked specialisation in wheat monoculture in many areas. Communication with the outside world is mainly by railways and the bulk of the grain harvest is exported.

The largest one, in Eurasia, stretches from Kiew in southern Russia to Onsk in western Siberia in a width of about 1,000 km from Caucasus to Saratov on the Volga River.

In North America, there are several areas of commercial grain farming. The largest area runs from Alberta, through Saskatchewan and Manitoba to Dakotas. Another centre is in Kansas and spills over into neighbouring states. Smaller regions appear in eastern Washington and Oregon, eastern Illinois and northern Iowa.

In South America, Argentina has a large region of commercial grain farming. Australia has two areas, one in the south-west and another in the south-east. In fact, commercial grain farming is a mid-latitude activity and mostly done in between 30° to 55° N and S latitudes.

Mixed Farming

Mixed farming is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops as well as the raising of livestock. This type of farming is mostly practiced in continents like Asia and countries like India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Afghanistan, China and Russia. It was first mainly used for self-consumption, but now in countries like US, Japan, etc., this is done for a commercial purpose.

Cultivation of crops along with rearing of animals for meat or milk is called Mixed Farming. For example, the same farm may grow cereal crops, and keep cattle, sheep, pigs or poultry.

In mixed farming, along with farming some other agriculture based practices are also carried out.

Often the dung from the cattle is used to fertilize the cereal crops. Before horses were used for haulage, many young male cattle were often not butchered as surplus for meat but castrated and used as bullocks to haul the cart and the plough.

Dairy Farming

Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product.

There is a great deal of variation in the pattern of dairy production worldwide. Many countries which are large producers consume most of this internally, while others (in particular New Zealand), export a large percentage of their production. Internal consumption is often in the form of liquid milk, while the bulk of international trade is in processed dairy products such as milk powder.

Before large scale mechanization arrived in the 1950s, keeping a dozen milk cows for the sale of milk was profitable. Now most dairies must have more than one hundred cows being milked at a time in order to be profitable, with other cows and heifers waiting to be “freshened” to join the milking herd. In New Zealand the average herd size, for the 2009/2010 season, is 376 cows.

Worldwide, the largest cow milk producer is the United States, the largest cow milk exporter is New Zealand, and the largest importer is China. The European Union with its present 28 member countries produced 158,800,000 metric tons (156,300,000 long tons; 175,000,000 short tons) in 2013 (96.8% cow milk), the most by any politico-economic union.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialised commercial agriculture. It is practised in the countries on either side of the Mediterranean sea in Europe and in north Africa from Tunisia to Atlantic coast, southern California, central Chile, south western parts of South Africa and south and south western parts of Australia. This region is an important supplier of citrus fruits.

Market Gardening and Horticulture

A market garden is the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants. The diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, typically, from under one acre (0.4 ha) to a few acres, or sometimes in greenhouses distinguishes it from other types of farming. Such a farm on a larger scale is sometimes called a truck farm.

A market garden is a business that provides a wide range and steady supply of fresh produce through the local growing season. Unlike large, industrial farms, which practice monoculture and mechanization, many different crops and varieties are grown and more manual labor and gardening techniques are used. The small output requires selling through such local fresh produce outlets as on-farm stands, farmers’ markets, community-supported agriculture subscriptions, restaurants and independent produce stores. Market gardening and orchard farming are closely related to horticulture, which concerns the growing of fruits and vegetables.

This type of agriculture is well developed in densely populated industrial districts of north west Europe, north eastern United States of America and the Mediterranean regions. The Netherlands specialises in growing flowers and horticultural crops especially tulips, which are flown to all major cities of Europe.

Co-operative Farming

• A group of farmers form a co-operative society by pooling in their resources voluntarily for more efficient and profitable farming. Individual farms remain intact and farming is a matter of cooperative initiative.
• There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives, ‘supply cooperative’ and ‘marketing cooperative’. Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production, including seeds, fertilizers, fuel, and machinery services. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transportation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock).
• Farmers also widely rely on credit cooperatives as a source of financing for both working capital and investments.

Collective Farming

• Collective farming and communal farming are various types of “agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise”.
• That type of collective is often an agricultural cooperative in which ember-owners jointly engage in farming activities. The process by which farmland is aggregated is called collectivization. In some countries (including the Soviet Union, the Eastern Bloc countries, China and Vietnam), there have been state-run and cooperative-run variants.
• For example, the Soviet Union had both kolkhozy cooperative-run type) and sovkhozy (state-run type), often denoted in English as collective farms and state farms, respectively.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES

Kharif crop of India 

Rice is the most important kharif crop of India. It is grown in rainfed areas with hot and humid climates, especially the eastern and southern parts of India.

Cereals – Bajra, Jowar, Maize (corn), Millet, Rice (paddy and deepwater), Soybean

Fruits – Muskmelon, Sugarcane, Watermelon, Orange

Seed plants – Arhar (tur), Black gram (urad), Cotton, Green gram (moong), Groundnut, Guar, Linseed (flax), Moth bean, Mung bean, Sesame (til), Urad bean

Vegetables – Bitter gourd (karela) Bottle gourd Brinjal Chili Lady fingers Sponge gourd Tinda Tomato Turmeric

Rabi crops of India 

The rabi crops are sown around mid-November, preferably after the monsoon rains are over, and harvesting begins in April / May. The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground, or using irrigation. A good rain in winter spoils the rabi crops but is good for kharif crops.

Cereals barley, gram, rapeseed, mustard, oat, wheat

Fruits almond banana ber date grape grapefruit guava lemon lime mandarin orange mangoes mulberries orange

Legumes / lentils (dal) chickpea kulthi lobias masoor mung bean pigeon pea toria Urad bean 

Vegetables potato radish spinach sweet potato tomato turnip

Vegetables bean beetroot brinjal broccoli cabbage Capsicum carrot cauliflowers chickpea fenugreek garlic lady finger lettuce pea onion

Agricultural output

Countries by agricultural output (in PPP terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD)

Source: IMF and CIA World Factbook

Major Agriculture Crops

1. Crop
2. Type
3. Global value in billion US dollars – 2012
4. Global production in metric tons – 2012
5. Top producing country and value billion US dollars – 2012

CEREALS

Wheat

Temperature: 12°-25°C
Rainfall: 25-75 cm
Soil: well-drained-light clay to heavy clay
Duration: 110 and 130 days
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.
Producers_World: China, India, USA, Russia, Australia, Canada, Pakistan, France, and Turkey.
Leading exporter in the world: USA
Producers_India: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana
200 US Dollars per Metric Ton – 2019

wheat producers in 2016

Rice

Temperature: 30 °C (Tmax) and 20 °C (Tmin).
Rainfall: monthly rainfall of 100-200 mm
Soil: clayey loam
Duration: 105–150 days

As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world’s human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes)

Producers_World: China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam.
Producers_India: West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu

450 US Dollars per Metric Ton – 2019

Rice production – 2016

BARLEY

Temperature: 20-30°C.
Rainfall: monthly rainfall of 100-200 mm
Soil: clayey loam
Duration: 90-120 days for spring varieties, and after 180-240 days for winter varieties.

Cool season annual cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods.

Producers_World: Russia Germany France Ukraine Australia

Producers_India: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

140 US Dollars per Metric Ton-2018

Barley production, 2016

Maize/Corn

• Temperature: 15°-27°C
• Rainfall: 65-125 cm
• Soil: Deep-heavy clay to light sandy loam
• Duration – 90-140 days

It can be found at elevations between sea level and 4000 m and it can be grown at latitudes from 48°N to 40°S. The optimum yield is 7-11 t/ha, world average 3.6 t/ha. High yields of maize make a heavy drain on soil nutrients. It is probably indigenous to Mexico and Central America.

• Producers: USA, China, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Romania, India, and South Africa.
• Leading exporter in the world: USA
• An Pra (20.9 %), Karnataka (16.5 %), Raj (9.9 %), Mah(9.1 %), Bihar (8.9 %), U P (6.1 %)

190 US Dollars per Metric Ton – 2019

Corn Production by Country in 1000 MT

Millets

• Temperature: 20°-35°C
• Rainfall: 25-75 cm
• Soil: Sandy-loam to clayey loam

• Producers: China, USA, India, Nigeria, Ukraine, Thailand, Russia, and Turkey.
• Leading exporter in the world: USA

Production – 2018 (1000 MT)

Bajra (Pearl Millet)

• Temperature: 25°-35°C
• Rainfall: 25-60 cm
• Soil: Sandy loam to loam

Grass and grain crop reaching a height of 0.5-4 m.

Producers_World: India, Niger, China , Mali, Nigeria,

Producers_India: Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

SORGHUM

Temperature: Sorghum requires about 26-30oC temperature for good growth

Rainfall: Average annual rainfall between 45 to 65 cm

Soil:

Duration:

• A single-stemmed grass and cereal crop reaching a height of 1-5 m.
• It is also widely grown in temperate regions and at altitudes of up to 2300 m in the tropics.
• It can tolerate high temperature throughout its life cycle better than any other crop.
• Sorghum is grown between 40°N and S. yield usually varies between 0.3-1.2 t/ha

United States Nigeria Sudan Mexico Ethiopia

Producers_India -Maharashtra> Karnataka> Andhra Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh

170 US Dollars per Metric Ton – 2017

Flax

• Temperature: 10°-20°C
• Rainfall: 15-20 cm
• Soil: Rich loam or clayey loam

• Producers_World –
• Producers_India – Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the Jammu Division of J & K

Pulses (total) India Poland Mozambique United Kingdom Pakistan

Pulses (Kharif)

• Temperature: 20° -27°C
• Rainfall: 25-60 cm
• Soil: Sandy-loam

Lentil (Rabi)

• Temperature: 15° to 25°C
• Rainfall: 25 to 50 cm
• Soil: Loamy to clayey loam
• Days – 120-130 days

Dry conditions must prevail just prior to, and at, harvest. On soils of high fertility vegetative growth is liable to be excessive and the yield of seeds low. Photosynthesis pathway C3. The common yield of seed under dry conditions is about 340-670 kg/ha

Producers: Mediterranean countries of Europe, Egypt, Greece, Turkey, China, India: (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal

Oilseeds

• Temperature: 15°-30°C
• Rainfall: 30-50 cm
• Soil: loam to clayey loam

• Producers: In India: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttarakhand.

Groundnut

• Temperature: 20°-30°C
• Rainfall: 50-75 cm
• Soil: well-drained-sandy loams, red and black cotton

Groundnut is indigenous to South America, probably upland Brazil. It can in continental environments be grown between 40°S and 45°N and it can be grown at elevations between sea level and 1500 m.

• Producers: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
• Leading exporter in the world: USA

Coconut

• Temperature: 27°C
• Rainfall: 100-250 cm, up-to 600 m above the sea level
• Soil: lateritic red, sandy alluvial sandy

The coconut is an evergreen palm. grown in more than 93 countries in an area of 11.85 million ha with production of 10.39 million tonnes of copra equivalent.

• Producers: Indonesia Philippines India Brazil Sn Lanka
• In India: Kerala (55%), Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Countries by coconut production in 2016

Oil-palm

• Temperature: 27°-33°C (maximum), 22°-24°C (minimum)
• Rainfall: 250-400 cm well distributed in the year
• Soil: Deep-loamy and alluvial soil

• Producers: India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam, Gujarat, Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and West Bengal

Flax

• Temperature: 10°-20°C
• Rainfall: 15-20 cm
• Soil: Rich loam or clayey loam

• Producers: In India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the Jammu Division of J & K

Pulses (Kharif)

• Temperature: 20° -27°C
• Rainfall: 25-60 cm
• Soil: Sandy-loam

Lentil (Rabi)

• Temperature: 15° to 25°C
• Rainfall: 25 to 50 cm
• Soil: Loamy to clayey loam

• Producers: Mediterranean countries of Europe, Egypt, Greece, Turkey, China, India: (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal

Oilseeds

• Temperature: 15°-30°C
• Rainfall: 30-50 cm
• Soil: loam to clayey loam

• Producers: In India: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttarakhand.

Groundnut

• Temperature: 20°-30°C
• Rainfall: 50-75 cm
• Soil: well-drained-sandy loams, red and black cotton

• Producers: India, China, USA, Sudan, Senegal, Indonesia, Argentina, Myanmar.
• Leading exporter in the world: USA

Coconut

• Temperature: 27°C
• Rainfall: 100-250 cm, up-to 600 m above the sea level
• Soil: lateritic red, sandy alluvial sandy

• Producers: In India: Kerala (55%), Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Countries by coconut production in 2016

Oil-palm

• Temperature: 27°-33°C (maximum), 22°-24°C (minimum)
• Rainfall: 250-400 cm well distributed in the year
• Soil: Deep-loamy and alluvial soil

• Producers: India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam, Gujarat, Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and West Bengal

Flax

• Temperature: 10°-20°C
• Rainfall: 15-20 cm
• Soil: Rich loam or clayey loam

• Producers: In India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the Jammu Division of J & K

Sugarcane

• Temperature: 20°-35°C
• Rainfall: 85-165 cm
• Soil: Well-drained alluvium, black, red and brown regur soil

• Producers: Brazil, India, China, Pakistan, Thailand, Mexico, Cuba, Colombia.
• Leading exporter: Brazil

Sugar beet

• Temperature: 10°-25°C
• Rainfall: 25-50 cm
• Soil: Well-drained-loamy soil

• Producers: France, USA, Germany, Russia, China, Ukraine, Poland, Turkey, Leading exporter in the world: France

Top Ten Sugar Beet Producers—2016

Tea

• Temperature: 15° -35°C
• Rainfall: 100-250 cm
• Soil: well-drained, light loamy Soil

• Producers: India, China, Sri-Lanka, Kenya, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey.
• Leading exporter in the world: India.

Coffee

• Temperature: 15°-28°C
• Rainfall: 125-225 cm
• Soil: well-drained alluvial Soil

• Producers: Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Ivory-Coast, Mexico, Ghana, Cameroon, India.
• Leading exporter in the world: Brazil

Cocoa

• Temperature: 18°-35°C
• Rainfall: 100-250 cm
• Soil: well-drained alluvium

• Producers: Ivory-Coast, Ghana, Indonesia, Brazil, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ecuador, Costa-Rica.
• Leading exporter in the world: Ivory-Coast

Rubber

• Temperature: 27°C
• Rainfall: 150-250 cm
• Soil: rich-well-drained alluvial Soil

• Producers: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, China, Sri-Lanka, Liberia, Brazil.
• Leading exporter in the world: Thailand.

Map of World Rubber Production

Cotton

• Temperature: 18°-27°C
• Rainfall: 60-110 cm
• Soil: well-drained loam, and regur (black-earth)

• Producers: China, USA, India, Brazil, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Turkey.
• Leading exporter in the world: USA

Rank Country Production (1000 480 lb. Bales)

1 China 27,500

2 India 27,000

3 US 18,390

4 Brazil 11,750

5 Pakistan 7,700

6 Turkey 3,700

7 Uzbekistan 3,375

8 Australia 2,500

9 Mexico 1,725

Cotton 2018

Jute

• Temperature: 25°-35°C
• Rainfall: about 150-250 cm
• Soil: Well drained alluvial Soil

• Producers: Bangladesh, India, China, Thailand, Myanmar, Brazil and Nepal.
• Leading exporter: Bangladesh

Clove

• Temperature: 25°-35°C
• Rainfall: 200- 250 cm
• Soil: Red alluvial Soil

• Producers: In India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar
• Indonesia is the leading producer of cloves.

Black Pepper

• Temperature: 15°C to 40°C
• Rainfall: 200-300’cm. Height up-to 1500 m above sea level
• Soil: rich in humus, red-loam to sandy loam, and red lateritic sandy loam

• Producers: In India: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Pondicherry

Clove

• Temperature: 25°-35°C
• Rainfall: 200- 250 cm
• Soil: Red alluvial Soil

• Producers: In India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar
• Indonesia is the leading producer of cloves.

Black Pepper

• Temperature: 15°C to 40°C
• Rainfall: 200-300’cm. Height up-to 1500 m above sea level
• Soil: rich in humus, red-loam to sandy loam, and red lateritic sandy loam

• Producers: In India: Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Pondicherry

Top black pepper producers in 2016

(thousands of tonnes)

Cardamom

• Temperature: 10°-35°C
• Rainfall: 150-400 cm, height 600-1500 m
• Soil: well-drained lateritic

• Producers: In India: Kerala (60%), Karnataka (30%), and Tamil Nadu (10 %).

Turmeric

• Temperature: 20°-30°C
• Rainfall: 150-250 cm
• Soil: well-drained clayey loam or red loamy soil

• Producers: In India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal.
• Exporters :
• Importes :

Clove

• Temperature: 25°-35°C
• Rainfall: 200- 250 cm
• Soil: Red alluvial Soil

• Producers: In India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar
• Indonesia is the leading producer of cloves.

Garlic

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

Onion

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

A map of onion and shallot production, 2005.

BANANAS

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

• India China Indonesia Brazil Ecuador

2016 Production millions of tonnes

ORANGES

• Temperature: moderate temperatures—between 15.5 and 29 °C
• Oranges are sensitive to frost
• Soil:

• Brazil China India United States Mexico

Production of Oranges – 2016

GRAPE

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit.

China Italy United States France Spain

Top grape producing countries by years (in metric tons)

APPLES

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

World production of apples in 2016 was 89.3 million tonnes, with China producing 50% of the world total (table). The European Union produced 13% of the world total. Other major producers with 5% or less of the world total each were the United States and Poland.

MANGOES

The mango is now cultivated in most frost-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates; almost half of the world’s mangoes are cultivated in India alone, with the second-largest source being China.

PINEAPPLES

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

• Costa Rica Brazil Philippines India Thailand

Pineapple production – 2016

DATES

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

Top ten date producers – 2016

(1000 metric tonnes, 1000 short tons)

PAPAYAS

• Temperature:
• Rainfall:
• Soil:

Papaya production – 2016

Cattle population

Brazil

India

United States

European Union

China

According to an estimate from 2011, there are 1.4 billion cattle in the world.
Cattle population

Cattle meat

According to an estimate from 2011, there are 1.4 billion cattle in the world.

Cattle meat production (kt)

Tobacco

Top tobacco producers, 2014

.

View larger map