India Geography
Geography of India
Introduction
Name
The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindush, equivalent to the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River.The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi , which translates as “The people of the Indus”.
The geographical term Bharat which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. It is a modernisation of the historical name Bharatavarsha, which traditionally referred to the Indian subcontinent and gained increasing currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India.
Hindustan is a Middle Persian name for India. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then. Its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety. Currently, the name may refer to either the northern part of India or the entire country.
Key Points
Absolute Location – Mainland – between 8°04′ to 37°06′ north latitude and 68°07′ to 97°25′ east longitude.
Absolute Location – Mainland – between 8°04′ to 37°06′ north latitude and 68°07′ to 97°25′ east longitude.
The southernmost point extent upto 6°45’ N latitude to cover the last island of the Nicobar group of islands. The southern extreme is called Pygmalion Point or Indira Point.
India has roughly a quadrangular shape.
Distance – East to West – 2,933 km
North to South – 3,214 km
Area Ranked 7th, After Russia, China, Canada, USA, Brazil and Australia.
India is equal to the area of Europe (excluding Russia), one-third of Canada, one fifth of Russia, eight times of Japan and twelve times of United Kingdom.
• Total 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi)……………0.57% of the world, 2.4% of the land hemisphere
• Land 91%, • Water 9%
Coastline: 7,516.6 km
Total land borders:15,200 km
Total borders: 22716.6 km
- The latitudinal extent of India is about one-third the angular distance between the Equator and the North pole and its longitudinal extent is about one-twelfth of the circumference of the equator.
- The tropic of cancer (23.1/20N Latitudes through the middle part of India and crosses the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, M Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram (8 states).
- Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh are the states of India lying completely in the Himalayas, while the state of Uttarakhand lies partly in the Himalayas and partly in the northern plains.
- Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kamataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, together make the great peninsular plateau.
- Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, An P, Odisha and West Bengal are states on the coast of India. Among our Union Territories, Daman and Pondicherry have sea boundaries.
- Because of great longitudinal extent, the difference in local time between Eastern and Western extremes of the country is of two hours. In order to avoid the confusion with regard to the time at different places of the country, the local time along 82° 30’ East longitudes is taken as the standard time of India, i.e. India Standard Time (1ST).
- This meridian is known as the Standard Meridian of India. It passes through Mirzapur (UP).
Border with
Bangladesh: 4,096.70 km ………Red cliff line……West B. Megh., Assam. Tripura, Mizorarn (5 states)
China (PRC): 3,488 km (2,167 mi)………Mc Mohan Line….J&K, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim Ar P (5 states)
Pakistan: 3,323 km (2,065 mi)…………..Durand line, J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat (4 states)
Nepal: 1,751 km (1,088 mi)…….Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar. West Bengal, Sikkirn (5 states)
Myanmar: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)…Arunachal Pradesh. Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram (4 states)
Bhutan: 699 km (434 mi) …….Sikkirn, West Bengal, Assarn. Arunachal Pradesh (4 states)
Afghanistan: 106 km (66 mi) …..Jammu and Kashmir (1 state)
- The Tin Bigha Corridor is a strip of land belonging to India is a part of West Bengal and lies adjacent to the Bangladesh border. In 1947, the border between India and east Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was also demarcated by Sir Redcliffe.
- Sir creek forms the boundary between Gujarat State of India and Sind province of Pakistan.
Four Ends of India
- Easternmost point of India is known as Kibithu; situated on right bank of river Lohit separating India from China-Tibet region. It is a small village with the population at the altitude of 3,350 metre in Arunachal Pradesh.
- Westernmost point is situated in Kutch area of Gujarat called as Ghuar Mota. The region is famous for its harsh climate with 45 OC in summer and 20 OC in winter. During monsoon season this region looks like tortoise surrounded by seawater.
- Northernmost point of India has been in controversies ever since India’s independence. The Siachen Glacier in the state of J&K is the northern boundary of India according to the official division of India during the time of Independences.
- The Southernmost point of the mainland of India is Kanyakumari District in the state of Tamil Nadu. Kanyakumari formerly was known as Cape Comorin. It is the second largest and urbanized of T. Nadu.
- Indira Point is a village in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It is located in the Great Nicobar tehsil. It is the location of the southernmost point of India’s territory.
- Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea meet at Indian point.
States Area
1. Rajasthan – 342239 sq. km
2. Madhya Pradesh – 308245 sq. km
3. Maharashtra – 307713 sq. km
4. Uttar Pradesh – 240928 sq. km
5. Jammu & Kashmir – 222236 sq. km
Socio – Economic
| Population | |
| • 2016 est. | 1,324,171,354(2nd), = USA, Russia, Australia, Canada and Japan.
|
| • 2011 census | 1,210,854,977(2nd) |
| • Density | 400.9/km2 (31st) |
Socio – Economic
| GDP (PPP) | 2018 estimate |
| • Total | $10.505 trillion (3rd) |
| • Per capita | $7,873 (116th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2018 estimate |
| • Total | $2,716 trillion (6th) |
| • Per capita | $2,036(133rd) |
| Gini (2013) | 33.9 medium · 79th |
| HDI (2017) | 0.640 medium · 130th |
World Indexes
Geographics
| List | INDIA Ranking/Total Countries | Source | Notes |
| Population | 2 | CIA World Factbook | Estimated Population(July 2018) 1,296,834,042 |
| Population Density | 33 / 246 | Economist Intelligence Unit | 2017 – 403 people per km2 |
| Fertility rate | 103 / 210 | Population Reference Bureau | 2016 – 2.3 |
| Net migration (rate) | 85 / 194 | World Bank | 2012 – 2.06 per thousand |
| Net migrants | 2 / 194 | World Bank | 2012 – 2,598,218 emigrated |
| List | INDIA Ranking/Total Countries | Source | Notes |
| Average Height – male | 90/ 101 | averageheight.co | 2016 – 1.647m |
| Average Height – female | 45 / 103 | averageheight.co | 2016 – 1.612m |
| Life expectancy | 125 / 183 | World Health Organization | 2015 – 68.3 years |
| Infant Mortality | 113 / 223 | CIA | 2016 est – 40.5 per 1000 |
| Literacy rate | 168 / 234 | UNESCO Institute for Statistics | 2015 – 72.1% |
Economy
| List | INDIA Ranking/Total Countries | Source | Notes |
| GDP growth rate | 15 / 225 | CIA The World Factbook | 2017-18 – 6.7% |
| Nominal GDP | 6 / 181 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – 2.611 trillion |
| GDP (PPP) | 3 / 181 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – 9.459 trillion |
| Per capita GDP | 139 / 187 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – $1,983 |
| Per capita GDP (PPP) | 122 / 187 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – $7,174 |
| tax revenue to GDP ratio | 109 / 180 | The Heritage Foundation | 2015 – 17.7% of GDP |
| List | INDIA Ranking/Total Countries | Source | Notes |
| GDP growth rate | 15 / 225 | CIA The World Factbook | 2017-18 – 6.7% |
| Nominal GDP | 6 / 181 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – 2.611 trillion |
| GDP (PPP) | 3 / 181 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – 9.459 trillion |
| Per capita GDP | 139 / 187 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – $1,983 |
| Per capita GDP (PPP) | 122 / 187 | International Monetary Fund | 2017-18 – $7,174 |
| List | INDIA Ranking/Total Countries | Source | Notes |
| Imports | 12 / 222 | CIA The World Factbook | 2017 est – $426,800,000,000 |
| Exports | 21 / 222 | CIA The World Factbook | 2017 est – $299,300,000,000 |
| Received FDI | 31 / 115 | CIA The World Factbook | 2017 est – $156,100,000,000 |
| Gold reserve | 18-Oct | World Gold Council | 2017 June – 557.8 tonnes |
| Public debt | 82 / 189 | CIA The World Factbook | 2016 est – 52.3% GDP |
| Unemployment rate | 103 / 217 | CIA The World Factbook | 2016 – 8% unemployment |
| Employment rate | 42 / 47 | OECD | 2012 – 53.3% of 15-64 year olds in employment |
Environment
| List | INDIA Ranking/Total Countries | Source | Notes |
| Carbon dioxide emissions by country | 8 / 214 | United Nations Statistics Division | 2010 |
| Carbon dioxide emissions per capita | 145 / 214 | United Nations Statistics Division | 2009 |
| Freshwater withdrawal | 1 / 170 | CIA World Factbook | 2008 – 645.84 km³/year |
| Irrigated land area | 2 / 221 | CIA World Factbook | 2012 – 667,000 km² |
| Global Climate Risk Index 2019 | 14th | Germanwatch | 2019 |
Position in The World
First Position
| Field | Rank | Date |
| Bananas Production, output of 29,800,000 metric tons | 1 | 2013 |
| Bean Production, output of 4,870,000 tons | 1 | 2010 |
| Buffalo, milk output of 56,960,000 tons | 1 | 2008 |
| Chickpea Production, output of 5,970,000 tons | 1 | 2008 |
| Cow Numbers, 281,700,000 cows | 1 | 2009 |
| Ginger Production, output of 380,100 tons | 1 | 2008 |
| Goat Milk Production, output of 4,000,000 metric tons | 1 | 2008 |
| Jute Production, output of 17,43,000 tons | 1 | 2008 |
| Lemon & Lime Production, output of 2,060,000 tons | 1 | 2007 |
| Mango Production, output of 16,340,000 tons | 1 | 2011 |
| Millet Production, output of 8,810,000 tons | 1 | 2009 |
Second Position
| Field | Rank | Date |
| Black Pepper, 19% of world output | 2 | 2008 |
| Cauliflowers and Broccoli Production, output of 5,014,500 tons | 2 | 2008 |
| Cardamom Production, output of 15 thousand metric tons | 2 | 2012 |
| Cashew Apple Production, output of 613,000 metric tons | 2 | 2010 |
| Cotton Production, output of 27.0 million bales | 2 | 2011 |
| Garlic Production, output of 833,970 tons | 2 | 2010 |
| Goat Numbers, 125,700,000 goats | 2 | 2008 |
| Goat Meat Production, output of 480,000 metric tons | 2 | 2008 |
| Lentil Production, 950,000 tons | 2 | 2009 |
| Field | Rank | Date |
| Lentil Production, 950,000 tons | 2 | 2009 |
| Milk Production, output of 110,040,000 metric tons | 2 | 2018 |
| Onion Production, output of 13,372,100 metric tons | 2 | 2010 |
| Peanut Production, output of 6.25 metric tons | 2 | 2009 |
| Potato Production, output of 36,600,000 metric tons | 2 | 2010 |
| Rice Production, output of 120,600,000 metric tons | 2 | 2017-18 |
| Silk Production, output of 77,000,000 kg | 2 | 2005 |
| Sugarcane Production, output of 285,029,000 tons | 2 | 2009 |
| Tea Production, output of 991,180 metric tons | 2 | 2010 |
| Wheat Production, output of 80.7 million metric tons | 2 | 2010 |
More than Second Position
| Field | Rank | Date |
| Coconut Production, output of 10,824,100 | 3 | 2010 |
| Fish Production, output of 6,318,887 tons | 3 | 2005 |
| Orange Production, output of 5,000,000 tons | 3 | 2010 |
| Saffron Production, output of 2,300 kg | 3 | 2005 |
| Sheep Stock, output of 65,000,000 | 3 | 2008 |
| Sorghum Production, output of 7,900,000 metric tons | 3 | 2008 |
| Tomato Production, output of 11,979,700 tons | 3 | 2010 |
| Apple Production, output of 2,203,000 tons | 5 | 2013 |
| Chicken Population, output of 648,830,000 | 5 | 2004 |
| Soybean Production, output of 9.8 metric tons | 5 | 2010 |
| Coffee Production, output of 300,300,000 kg | 6 | 2011 |
| Pineapple Production, output of 1,341,000 tons | 7 | 2010 |
| Sweet Potato Production, output of 1,100,000 tons | 7 | 2009 |
Mountain Passes
Western Himalaya
Jammu and Kashmir
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE | COMMENTS |
| 1 | Mintaka Pass | Kashmir and China | Trijunction of India-China and Afghanistan border |
| 2 | Parpik Pass | Kashmir and China | East of Mintaka pass on the Indo-China border |
| 3 | Khunjerab Pass | Kashmir and China | Indo-China border |
| 4 | Aghil Pass | Ladakh region of India with the Xinjiang Province of China | 5000 m above sea level.
north of K2 Peak (the highest peak in India and the second highest peak in the world) |
| 5 | Banihal Pass | Jammu and Srinagar | 2832 m, across the Pir-Panjal Range, remains snow covered during winter season |
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE | COMMENTS |
| 6 | Chang-La | Ladakh with Tibet | altitude of 5360 m, This has a temple dedicated to Chang-La Baba after whom the temple has been named |
| 7 | Khardung La | near Leh in the Ladakh range | 5602 m, The world’s highest motorable road passes through this pass
remains closed in winter due to heavy snowfall |
| 8 | Lanak La | India and China (Akasai-Chin area of Jammu and Kashmir) | This pass provides passage between Ladak and Lhasa. A road to connect Xinjiang Province with Tibet has been constructed by the Chinese |
| 9 | Pir-Panjal pass | across the Pir Panjal range | Provides the shortest and the easiest metal road between Jammu and Kashmir Valley. But this route had to be closed down as a result of partition of the subcontinent |
| 10 | Qara Tag La | Indo-China borer across the Karakoram Range | located at an elevation of over six thousand metres |
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE | COMMENTS |
| 11 | Imis La | Ladakh region of India and Tibet in China | |
| 12 | Pensi La | vital link between the Kashmir Valley and Kargil | remains closed to traffic from November to mid-May due to heavy snowfall |
| 13 | Zoji La | important road link between Srinagar on one side and Kargil and Leh on the other side | The road passing through this pass has been designated at the National Highway (NH-1D)
Border Road Organisation (BRO) is responsible for maintaining the road and cleaning it off snow during winter. In spite of all these efforts, the road through this pass remains closed from December to mid-May |
Western Himalaya
Himachal Pradesh
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE | COMMENTS |
| 14 | Bara Lacha La | Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir | Elevation: 4,890 m
National highway connecting Mandi in Himachal Pradesh with Leh in Jammu and Kashmir passes through this pass. Being situated at high altitude, it remains snow covered in winter and is not used as a transport route. |
| 15 | Debsa Pass | link between Kullu and Spiti districts | elevation of 5270 m above sea level
It offers a much easier and shorter alternative route to traditional Pin-Parbati Pass route between Kullu and Spiti |
| 16 | Rohtang Pass | road link between Kullu, Lahul and Spiti Valleys | Elevation: 3979 m, Border Road Organisation (BRO) is responsible for constructing and maintaining roads in this area. Rohtang pass is a great tourist attraction and traffic jams are very common. |
Western Himalaya
Uttarakhand
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE | COMMENTS |
| 18 | Lipu Lekh | Trijunction of Uttarakhand (India), Tibet (China) and Nepal | This pass is used by pilgrims to Kailash-Mansarovar. |
| 19 | Mana Pass | Uttarakhand with Tibet | elevation of 5610, Situated a little north of the holy place of Badhrinath
Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr) |
| 20 | Mangsha Dhura | Uttarakhand with Tibet | It is used by pilgrims going to Kailash-Mansarowar |
| 21 | Niti Pass | Uttarakhand with Tibet | Remains closed in winter season (Nov – Apr) |
| 22 | Muling La | Uttarakhand and Tibet | situated in the north of Gangotri, at an elevation of 5669 m in the Great Himalayas |
Eastern Himalaya
Sikkim
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE | COMMENTS |
| 1 | Nathu La | Sikkim with Tibet | altitude of 4310 m, it forms part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Route, an important trade route between India and China, It was closed after the Chinese aggression on India in 1962 but was reopened in 2006 as the governments decided to enhance their trade through land routes |
| 2 | Jelep La | Sikkim-Bhutan border | altitude of 4538 m, passes through Chumbi Valley, important link between Sikkim and Lhasa |
Western Himalaya
Arunachal Pradesh
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE | COMMENTS |
| 3 | Bom Di La | Arunachal P with Bhutan | altitude of 4331 m. Situated at an altitude of 4331 m near the western boundary of Arunachal Pradesh in the Greater Himalayas, this pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa |
| 4 | Diphu Pass | Arunachal P and Myanmar. | Diphu Pass is a mountain pass around the area of the disputed tri-point borders of India, China, and Myanmar. Diphu Pass is also a strategic approach to eastern Arunachal Pradesh. It lies on the McMahon Line. |
| 5 | Yonggyap Pass | Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet | |
| 6 | Kumjawng Pass | Arunachal Pwith Myanmar | |
| 7 | Hpungan Pass | Arunachal P with Myanmar | |
| 8 | Chankan Pass | Arunachal P with Myanmar |
Peninsular India
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE |
| 1 | Asirgarh | It connects the north India with Deccan Plateau. |
| 2 | Haldighati Pass | It connects Rajsamand and Pali districts of Rajasthan. |
| 3 | Palghat | runs along the entire eastern edge of Kerala isolating it from the neighbouring Tamil Nadu. |
| 4 | Bhor Ghat | Lies between Palasdari and Khandala for railway and between Khopoli and Khandala on the road route in Maharashtra. |
| 5 | Goran Ghat | connects the city of Udaipur with Sirohi and Jalore in Rajasthan. |
| ID | NAME | SIGNIFICANCE |
| 6 | Thal Ghat | It also called as Thul Ghat or Kasara Ghat. It is a series of mountain slopes in the Western Ghats traversed by the Bhusawal-Kalyan line. |
| 7 | Amba Ghat | It connects Ratnagiri district to Kolhapur |
| 8 | Malshej Ghat | This region is famous for wide varieties of birds such as quails, rails, crakes, flamingos and cuckoos. |
| 9 | Nanaghat | It connects Pune district to Junnar City. |
| 10 | Tamhini Ghat | It connects the talukas of Mulshi and Tamhini in Pune district. |
| 11 | Amboli Ghat | It connects Sawantwadi of Maharashtra to Belgaum of Karnataka. |
| 12 | Kumbharli Ghat | It connects the coastal Ratnagiri District in Konkan region of Maharashtra with the Satara District in Desh region. |
Mountain Peaks
Top 10 Highest Peaks of India
1. Kanchenjunga Peak
Height: 8586 metre
Location: Sikkim
Facts: Kangchenjunga is the third highest peak in the world and 1st in India. It stands tall with an elevation of 8,586 meters (28,169 ft). The literal meaning of Kanchenjunga is “The Five Treasures of Snows” (namely gold, silver, gems, grain, and holy books). Kangchenjunga section contains five peaks and the region has 12 more peaks over 7,000 m (23,000 ft). The highest mountain Kangchenjunga is located at the border of India and Nepal in the great Himalayas range, Sikkim.
2. Nanda Devi Peak
Height: 7816 metre
Location: Uttrakhand
Facts: Nanda Devi is one of the highest mountain in the world and ranked second in India. This is the highest peak (entirely) in the country because Kanchenjunga lies on the border areas of India and Nepal. It was the highest known mountain in the world until 1808 when western surveyors discovered Dhaulagiri.
3. Kamet Peak
Height: 7756 metre
Location: Uttrakhand
Facts: The Kamet is the highest summit in the Zaskar mountain Range of Garhwal region in the Chamoli District of Uttarakhand. Kamet is second highest mountain summit of Garhwal Himalayas.Kamet mountain peak is surrounded by three major neighboring peaks and lies very close the Tibet. It is situated north of the main range and is more remote and therefore less accessible than some Himalayan peaks.
4. Saltoro Kangri Peak
Height: 7742 metre
Location: Jammu & Kashmir
Facts: The Saltoro Kangri is the highest peak of Saltoro Mountain ranges, a sub range of Karakoram. (the biggest range of greater Himalaya mountains). Saltoro Mountains are situated at the center of great Karakoram and very near to the longest glaciers in the world, the Siachen Glacier.
5. Saser Kangri Peak
Height: 7,672 metre
Location: Jammu & Kashmir
Facts: The Saser Kangri are group of five majestic mountain peaks. It is the highest mountain peak among the all five brothers with an elevation of 7,672 m (25,171 ft) and Ranked 35th in the world.
6. Mamostong Kangri Peak
Height: 7516 metre
Location: Jammu & Kashmir
Facts: Mamostong Kangri is the highest mountain of sub-ranges Rimo Mustagh of the Great Karakoram range. Mamostong Kangri is located in the remote area of the Siachen Glacier. Mamostong Kangri is ranked 48th independent highest peak in the world.
7. Rimo Peak
Height: 7385 metre
Location: Jammu & Kashmir
Facts: The Rimo is situated at the northern side of Rimo Muztagh in the famous the Karakoram ranges. Rimo mountain series consists of four peaks namely, the Rimo I is the highest peak among them. To the northeast lie the North-east Rimo Mountains and the Karakoram Pass, which is one of the most important trade route in central Asia.
8. Hardeol Peak
Height: 7151 metre
Location: Uttrakhand
Facts: Hardeol also called as Temple of God is one of the major mountain peak of the Kumaon Himalaya located at the northern side of Sanctuary and guarding the Nanda Devi. It is located in the Milam valley of Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand.
9. Chaukamba Peak
Height: 7138 metre
Location: Uttrakhand
Facts: The Chaukhamba summit is the highest peak in the group of the Gangotri located in the Garhwal Himalaya region of Uttarakhand. The Gangotri Group has total four peaks and Chaukhamba I is the highest among them. Chaukhamba got its name due to the four big peaks along with each other.
10. Trisul Peak
Height: 7120 metre
Location: Uttrakhand
Facts: The highest peak of the group is Trisul I. Its name is derived from Trishul weapon of Lord Shiva. Trisul mountain peaks are near to the Nanda Devi sanctuary.
Peaks of Peninsular India
Anaimudi is the highest peak of peninsular India.
Meesapulimala (Idukki, Kerala) is the second highest peak of Peninsular India with an elevation of 2640 meters above sea level. Doddabetta (Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu), located near Ooty, is the third highest peak with and elevation of 2,637 meters.
Eastern Ghats are older than Western Ghats. With an elevation of 1,680 meters, Arma Konda/Sitamma Konda peak (Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) is the highest peak of Eastern Ghats.
Aravali range is the oldest mountain range of India. Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu, Rajasthan) is the highest peak of Aravali range with an elevation of 1,772 meters above sea level. Dhupgarh (Madhya Pradesh) is the highest peak of Satpura Range with an elevation of 1350 meters above the sea level. Similarly, with an elevation of 752 meters above sea level, Kalumar Peak/Sadbhavna Peak (Mandu, Madhya Pradesh) is the highest peak of Vindhya Range.
Important Valleys
1. Araku Valley : Andhra Pradesh
2. Damodar Valley : Jharkhand and West Bengal
3. Darma Valley : Uttarakhand
4. Dzukou Valley : North-eastern part
5. Johar Valley : Uttarakhand
6. Markha Valley : Ladakh
7. Nubra Valley : Ladakh
8. Sangla Valley : Himachal pradesh
9. Saur Valley : Uttarakhand
10. Sum Valley : Ladakh
11. Tons Valley : Uttarakhand
12. Yumthang Valley : Sikkim
Other Important Geographical Extremes
- Hottest Place: Briawali, Bikaner District, 56°C, 5th June, 1991.
- Coldest Place: Dras in Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir), – 45°C on 28th December, 1910.
- Wettest Place: Mawsynram (Meghalaya) average annual rainfall about 11.875 m.
- Highest Peak: K2 (5611m) Jammu & Kashmir.
- Longest River: Ganga River, 2510 km, catchment area 861,400 sq km.
- Largest River Island: Majuli, Brahmaputra River (Assam), area about 1500 sq. km.
- Largest Desert: Thar Desert, area 259,000 sq.km.
- Largest Plateau: Deccan Plateau, 100,000 sq. km.
- Highest Waterfall: Jog Falls on Sharavati River (Karnataka), height 2.53 m.
- Longest Coastline: Gujarat. 1600 km.
- Longest Beach: Marina Beach—Chennai, 13 km. It is one of the longest sea beaches in the world.
- Largest Brackish Water Lake: Chilka Lake (Odisha, area 916 sq km.).
- Longest Tunnel: Kharbude Tunnel (6.45 km). It connects Mumbai with Goa.
- Longest Canal: Indira Gandhi Canal, 682 km in length.
- Highest Dam: Bhakra Dam on Sutlej River (Punjab), 226 ni.
- Highest mountain peak – Kangchenjunga
- Nanda Devi is the second highest mountain in India, and the highest located entirely within the country.
- Lowest Point – Kuttanad −2.2 m (−7.2 ft) Alappuzha Kerala 9.15360°N 76.47300°E
- Extreme North Point – Indira Col, Siachen Glacier, Leh. (35.674520°N 76.845245°E)
- Extreme South Point – Indira Point, Nicobar Islands, Nicobar, A&N Islands. (6.74678°N 93.84260°E)
- Extreme West Point – Guhar Moti, Sir Creek, Kutch, Gujarat (23.71307°N 68.03215°E)
- Extreme East Point – Kibithu, Anjaw, Arunachal Pradesh. (28.01744°N 97.40238°E)
List of Indian states and territories by highest point
| State | Peak | Range/Region |
| Andhra Pradesh | Arma Konda | Eastern Ghats |
| Arunachal Pradesh | Kangto | Eastern Himalayas |
| Assam | Unnamed peak | Dima Hasao District |
| Bihar | Fort Someshwar | Sivalik Hills |
| Chhattisgarh | Unnamed peak | Dantewada District |
| Goa | Sonsogor | Western Ghats |
| Gujarat | Mount Girnar | Girnar Hills |
| Haryana | Karoh Peak | Morni Hillssection of the Sivalik Hills |
| Himachal Pradesh | Reo Purgyil(shared with Tibet) | Western Himalayas |
| Jammu and Kashmir | Saltoro Kangri | Karakoram Range |
| State | Peak | Range/Region |
| Jharkhand | Mount Parasnath | Parasnath Hills |
| Karnataka | Mullayanagiri | Sahyadri Hills Section of the Western Ghats |
| Kerala | Anamudi | Anamalai Hills Section of the Western Ghats |
| Madhya Pradesh | Dhupgarh | Satpura Range |
| Maharashtra | Kalsubai | Sahyadri Hills Section of the Western Ghats |
| Manipur | Mount Tempu(also known as Mount Iso) | Purvanchal Range |
| Meghalaya | Shillong Peak | Khasi Hills |
| Mizoram | Phawngpui | Lushai Hills |
| Nagaland | Mount Saramati(Shared with Myanmar) | Naga Hills |
| Odisha | Deomali | Eastern Ghats |
| State | Peak | Range/Region |
| Punjab | Unnamed peak | Naina Devi Range section of the Sivalik Hills |
| Rajasthan | Guru Shikhar | Aravalli Range |
| Sikkim | Kangchenjunga(shared with Nepal) | Eastern Himalayas |
| Tamil Nadu | Doddabetta | Nilgiri Hills section of the Western Ghats |
| Telangana | Doli Gutta | Deccan Plateau |
| Tripura | Betlingchhip | Jampui Hills section of the Purvanchal Range |
| Uttar Pradesh | Amsot Peak[citation needed] | Rajaji Range section of the Sivalik Hills |
| Uttarakhand | Nanda Devi | Garhwal Himalaya section of the Western Himalayas |
| West Bengal | Sandakphu(shared with Nepal) | Eastern Himalayas |
Length of Coast line
1. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1,962 km.
2. Gujarat 1,215 km.
3. Andhra Pradesh 974 km.
4. Tamil Nadu 907 km.
5. Maharashtra 653 km.
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